Chemicals and Headaches

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Multiple Chemical Sensitivity 

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

By Cesar Collado

Many people experience debilitating headaches when exposed to everyday chemicals in their environments.

A common question asked to me regards Multiple Chemical Sensitivity.  In fact, I received the following  request from an individual who read one of my articles:

“Thank you, Cesar, for being our advocate. Your article is once again, incredibly timely as my in-laws just told me three days ago that everything my husband and I are going through (pertaining to my mold-related illness) is MY FAULT. They proceeded to tell me that my husband needs a ‘normal wife’ and a ‘normal life’  It was incredibly painful to hear. Reading your article was validating for me and much appreciated. I noticed however, that you didn’tt write anything about chemical sensitivity and how/why  it is associated with mold.”

Thanks,   D.  🙂

What is Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (“MCS”)

Our bodies are designed to process moderate amounts of foreign antigens and toxins from our environment. Normally, chemical toxin exposure occurs slowly with low levels over  a long period of time. Chemicals can reach the blood system via inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin. Most encounters are subtle or quick like entering a freshly painted room and exiting or eating an unwashed fruit or vegetable.  Our metabolism can address these levels.  However, when exposure is long or extreme, we cannot metabolize the chemicals fast enough and they are stored in fat and tissues in a queue to be metabolized.

More often, we hear about chemical exposure when we read about pesticides, plastics, pollution, gases, or some type of “spill” resulting in an environmental concern.  Symptoms from chemical exposure can be severe or mild.

These include:

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

Toxic Load

Direct exposure to toxic chemicals can result in any combination of these symptoms as well. When serious exposure occurs, a person can reach their toxic load. It is when this occurs that the person becomes ultrasensitive to chemical exposure. However, when chemical exposure occurs slowly over time, the same result occurs. The body reaches its toxic load and they too can become ultra-sensitive to chemicals in the environment.

Mold Exposure and Toxic Load

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

While molds itself is not a chemical, they actually produces secondary metabolites that are chemicals. Many of these “chemicals” can accumulate in various tissues in the body, including sinus tissues. Some mold species produce Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) that are potent mycotoxins that can cause severe illness and acute toxicity. When a person receives an extreme exposure to mold, they can reach their toxic load immediately. As a result, mold sufferers can experience the symptoms of MCS from then on. The impact of even the smallest of exposures can be dramatic. People can get headaches, feel sick, or have a sense of panic. I don’t think I am capable of describing the discomfort and misery described to me by mold patients with chemical sensitivity. Because chemicals are everywhere, there is a feeling of hopelessness in addition to panic and misery.

Sensitivity can diminish when the person properly detoxes under a physician’s supervision with nutrition, diet, and treatment. However, sensitivity can remain throughout their lives. In addition, many common indoor molds produce mycotoxins. Mycotoxins can be chemicals substances or gases. They can become airborne or become cast aways by attaching dust that often becomes airborne. Ironically, when home contents are very dusty, dusting can the cause for the dust particles becoming airborne, making the probability of exposure much more likely. Regular dusting is important to maintaining a mold freeenvironment. Wear a mask while dusting if significant dust accumulates. Using duster that attracts dust or a HEPA vacuum in these instances.

Mold and mycotoxins do not die and simply go away when not cleaned or removed. Mold can become dormant and mycotoxins can dry over time and break. These fragments of the toxins can be just as harmful as the entire molecule. Mycotoxin poisoning is much more severe than simple mold exposure. A common misbelief is that mold sufferers might not be exposed to mycotoxins. However, this is unlikely because common indoor molds include mycotoxin producing molds such as aspergillus, penicillium, and stachybotrys. These molds seem to flourish in water damaged homes, because the gypsum/paper drywall that is used absorbs water and mycotoxins are consistently found in these situations when tested.

Chemicals Everywhere!

There are over 80,000 chemicals that are cataloged as known by the EPA. 

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

Hundred are considered dangerous.. We are exposed to any number chemicals in our indoor environments every day. The EPA reviews only a small fraction of the compounds currently used in production. It would take centuries for the EPA to review all chemicals at the current rate of 20 per year.1. To date, the EPA has been successful in banning only 5  substances, and only with specific applications.

The 5 Banned Chemicals are:

Asbestos, Chlorofluorocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (“PCBs”), dioxin, and hexavent chromium.  

In the US EPA, Chemicals are “innocent until proven guilty.” Under the law, the EPA cannot request testing of chemicals without having evidence a risk is likely.

 However, any household furnishings are treated with flame retardants. This includes curtains, rugs, furniture, ect. They off gas these chemicals over time. Building materials made of manufactured wood are made using formaldehyde, a cancer-causing agent. Personal care products can contain chemicals. For example, there are over 1,000 chemicals banned in Europe that are used in cosmetics in the US. Pesticides are used in agricultural products we eat. Household cleaning agents contain harmful chemicals. Fragrances in air fresheners, fabric softeners, and household cleaners contain chemicals. These are just a few examples.

Industrial chemicals and solvents are used in many manufacturing processes of many goods and services we use. It is important to note that the industries that use and sell products that use chemicals that may not be safe have extensive lobbying efforts and promote the safety of these chemicals.

 

For example, The AmericanChemical Society  FAQ section of their formaldehyde fact sheet states: “People actually produce and exhale formaldehyde themselves. If a person is exposed to external sources of formaldehyde, the body breaks it down rapidly. Formaldehyde is one of the most-well studied substances and we know a lot about how to use it safely. The general effects of formaldehyde on the human body are well-known. According to the large body of research available, the levels of formaldehyde to which the public is exposed are not high enough to cause adverse health effects.”  

 

Here is an absurd promotional piece from chemical companies lobbying efforts.

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

 

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity with Traditional Medicine

MCS, also referred to as idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI),is a valid diagnosis. Its classification as a standalone disease makes the diagnosis elusive. Its validity has been met with some controversy. It is referred to as more of a “syndrome” because the symptoms are chronic and vague with no known cause. There is little literature that addresses possible causes. However, the Gulf War, 9-11, and the BP Oil Spill provided huge amounts of data from victims collocated in areas providing evidence that a toxic exposure to chemicals can result in MCS.

When there is a water damaged home, mycotoxins from aspergillus and Penicillium are commonly present in the home. These secondary metabolites are chemical toxins that can have severe impact on several of the body’s organ systems and the brain. “What Happens When Toxins Get to Your Brain” provides detailed information on the topic.

Common practice for many medical physician specialties is to punt the issue to psychiatry. This is because of the symptoms  overlap with depression and anxiety disorders. When treated as the central diagnosis, it is often met with a multi-disciplinary approach involving multiple physician specialties to explore all of the potential causes. Because of the inability to conclusively diagnose the disease, it often leads to exploration of psychiatric illness or  psychosomatic symptoms..  Environmental physicians have theories that MCS is a result of abnormalities in the NMDA pathways. Nmethyl-D-aspartate-receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that function in synaptic transmission, plasticity andcognition. Malfunction of NMDARs has been implicated in a variety of nervous system disorders. Hypersensitive to monosodium glutamate and glutamate. This may explain why such a diverse number of chemicals can elicit the same biological responses. Because NMDA is important in synaptic plasticity (increases and decreases in activity) and memory. These theories sometimes lead to trying to use psychiatric or neurological pharmaceutical solutions.

Treatment for MCS should still center on reducing the toxic Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity burden on the body vs. symptomatic relief through a trial and error effort with antidepressants and anti-convulsive medicines. The body has to metabolize and excrete chemicals itself.  Because MCS is often triggered by the olfactory nerve, patients can suffer a form of PTSD.  A whiff of something can trigger a full involuntary physical response.  This is a complicated issue that is often treaded by addressing the limbic system of the brain can be successfully utilized to reduce symptoms. It has proven efficacious for many patients to rewire the way their  brains process the sensory information to alleviate the symptoms and physical reactions.  More research is definitely needed, but limbic system retraining is a promising treatment thus far.

Mold Sickness and MCS as a Symptom

 

Mold and mycotoxins can impact or even shut down detoxification pathways. As a result, mold sufferers can become chemically sensitive. Chemical Sensitivity is a very real symptom of mold sickness. I have heard from countless patients about the impact chemical exposure has on their wellbeing. Just a whiff of perfume, chemical fragrances, fresh paint, or new carpet off-gassing can debilitate a mold sufferer very quickly.  Leaving the area is usually the only solution. Chemical off-gassing does occur over time and the chemicals in the air diminish as ventilation will slowly remove air contaminants.

Other medical issues can make matters worse. Heavy Metal poisoning, Lyme disease, and other coinfections can be exacerbated by mold. MCS can become paralyzing with these patients.

What  Can You Do?

 

When a person in the household is suffering from mold exposure, there are certain steps that should be taken as a precaution for all symptoms, including MCS. First and foremost, address the mold issue ASAP. Mold reproduces quickly and aerosolized spores are very common air pollutants. Getting the person out of the moldy environment, even temporarily can provide significant relief.

Making every effort to make and keep your home safe from chemicals is essential. Many chemicals arestored and used in our homes. Eliminating the utilization of products containing chemical pollutants and monitoring the storage of essential items can make a large difference. It is also important to note that service provider’s products should be monitored to ensure your home is not saturated with chemicals.

Common Cleaning Products That Cause Problems for MCS Sufferers:

  • Many laundry detergents containing cationic, anionic, or non- ionic solutions;
  • Fabric softeners have chemical fragrances and cellulose that also serves as “mold food.”  Then, contaminated clothing stays with you throughout the day;  
  • Household cleaners containing ammonia, sodium hypochlorite (bleach), ethylene glycol, monobutyl acetate;
  • Toilet bowl cleaners containing sodium bisulfate, 5-dimethyldantoin, hydrochloric acid, & phenol;
  • Mold and mildew cleaners containing chlorine and alkyl ammonium chlorides;
  • Drain cleaners containing lye and sulfuric acid;
  • Dishwashing detergents containing cationic, anionic, or non- ionic solutions plus phosphates;
  • Antibacterial cleaners containing ammonia, bleach, cresol, phenol, lye, triclosan, and pine oil; Window and glass cleaners containing ammonia or isopropanol;

Specialty Cleaning Products:

  • Rug, carpet, and upholstery cleaners containing perchloroethylene, & naphthalene;
  • Furniture polish containing ammonia, naphtha, nitrobenzene, petroleum distillates, and phenol;
  • Oven cleaners containing Lye;
  • Car air fresheners and fragrances.
  • Air Fresheners and fragrances:
  • Air fresheners containing formaldehyde, petroleum distillates, p-dichlorobenzene, aerosol propellants;
  • Freshener sprays that are used to mask bacterial or mold musty smells.
  • Chemicals Commonly Stored but that should be monitored for tight containment:
  • Paints and solvents;
  • Antifreeze;
  • Motor oil;
  • Batteries;
  • Windshield washer fluid;
  • Lubricants;
  • Glues/adhesives;
  • Pesticides (Chemical pesticides should never be used indoors);
  • Fertilizers.

Foods purchased:

  • Produce treated with Pesticides should be washed or organic should be consumed. Organic produce must also be washed and treated as well. They are often sources of contamination from bacteria like ecoli from the soil and natural fertilizers.
  • Personal hygiene products and cosmetics.  As the body detoxifies and the toxic burden is lowered, because the mold is no longer causing chronic inflammation and toxicity, tolerance of these chemicals can improve over time. The body’s metabolism will  begin to free up and expel the toxic build-up and will process minor exposures more efficiently. Avoiding direct exposure as many chemicals as possible will go a long way to avoiding unnecessary reactions or symptoms.

There are a variety of home cleaning solutions that can be readily made using natural products

  • https://hybridrastamama.com/recipes/?fwp_recipes=non-toxic-cleaning or
  • https://wellnessmama.com/6244/natural-cleaning/are good places to start.

Prevent Mold from Becoming a Problem in the First Place:

  • Keep humidity between 40-50% to avoid moisture levels conducive to mold growth;
  • Use a HEPA Air Purifier to maintain low levels of harmful pollutants in the air;
  • Regular fogging or spraying BioBalance Haven Mist will help keep the fungal count in the air lower;
  • Remedy Air Mainenance Candles can eliminate mold and mycotoxins in the immediate air where you spend your time. You can use Agrumax Dietary Supplement beyond nasal rinsing.
  • Maintain mold free bed linens, clothing, and towels with Remedy Laundry Liquid.
  • Clean Carpets or upholstery with Haven Clean.

 

  1. Scialla , Mark. It could take centuries for EPA to test all the unregulated chemicals under a new landmark bill. PBS Newshour/Science. June 22, 2016

 

© 2020, Cesar Collado, All Rights Reserved

Weather and Climate Disasters

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With Natural Disasters in the Headlines Almost Every Day. The Link Between the Two is Undeniable

 

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

By Cesar Collado

While I am not going to discuss the pandemic the current pandemic (media over exposure), I am addressing the continuous growing role the climate and our environment is playing in our abilities to stay healthy and continue to earn a living.  Newly identified microbes such as candida aureus pose the potential for a life threatening “super bug” fungal threat. Recently, it was published that a toxin created by a rare algae is killing eagles. And we have the red tides in Florida contaminating waterways and beaches. 

Growing up in the 70s, I remember very few natural disasters. As a matter of fact, few natural disasters occurred during my first 3 decades of life. Movies like “Earthquake” (1974), “Avalanche” (1978), and“ When Time Ran Out” (1980 Volcano) provided my only frames of reference to the destruction and magnitude that such events could bring. These movies, of course, provided Hollywood’s version, with nature as the villain, and were closer to watching foreign matinee movies involving aliens or giant monsters than to the reality of actually living through such disasters.

The 1980s Mount St. Helens Volcano eruption was the first natural disaster I experienced through watching television footage of the action and fallout. Hurricane Andrew (1992) was the first Category 4-5 hurricane that could be viewed on television. Seeing the destruction as it played out allowed viewers to feel empathy for the victims. I also recall seeing California wild fires outside of the window of an airplane in 2003. Not to mention the fact that the US had not experienced war on US soil in the decades after Pearl Harbor. Not until the fateful events of September 11, 2001 was the first manmade catastrophe able to be witnessed by all.

During the past few years, the variety of catastrophic natural disasters have almost become regular “Modern Day Plagues” that have hit most of the US states and its territories. The environmental illness and health ramifications will be continuously felt for the foreseeable future.  When I bought my first home in 1997, I learned about the “100 Year Storm.” At the time, insurance statisticians predicted a major natural disaster at a 1% chance in any given year. In my opinion, though, Hurricane Katrina (2005) was the  beginning of what seems to be the “100 Year” disaster concept. Since Katrina, it seems like there have been an onslaught of disasters occurring yearly and causing massive destruction, economic fallout, and an epidemic of environmental illness not seen before this time period.

Worth mentioning is the fact that most physicians currently in practice had their training prior to this time of frequent natural disasters.  The following quote sums up the scarcity of trained medical professionals who even consider the events of nature as they relate to increased illness and disease in impacted areas: “The paucity of specialists trained in environmental medicine (i.e., occupational medicine and other

preventive medicine specialties and subspecialties), coupled with the lack of adequate general medical education on how to prevent, diagnose, refer, or treat patients exposed to hazardous substances in the environment, contributes to lost opportunities for primary prevention or early intervention to mitigate or minimize the environmentally-related disease burden.” 1.

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

As you can see in the image, the events of 2017 capture the catastrophic impact and costs associated with the strength of Mother Nature. These weather events caused great destruction in many ways to entire communities. In many cases, cities were leveled leaving inhabitants homeless in the midst of danger and financial uncertainty. Most homeowners did not have adequate insurance coverage, because the “100 Year Storm” was not likely to occur. Looking at differences in the rise of “disaster-based” coverage from just 2017 through 2021, I can speculate that that same reliance on the 1% probability is no longer the norm.

The Hazards Inherent to Hurricanes and Flooding Negatively Impact Human Health

The destruction caused by natural disasters can release many toxic microbes and chemical toxins into the air and water. There are a number of processes that act on debris from disasters. There is dispersion, dilution, pulverization, oxidation and reduction reactions, condensation, evaporation and volatilization, photolysis, microbial degradation and sediment sequestration. These are just some of the potential exposures that impact humans negatively. 2. Chemical hazards contaminate water and air and can harm habitants and rescuers.

Slow-dose exposure over the period of time during the fixing stage or a massive exposure can lead to individuals reaching their “toxic load” all at once. When this occurs, the body becomes hypersensitive to allergens, mold, and chemicals. This can be debilitating and lead to a lifetime of health problems. (You can read more about “Toxic Load” HERE.)

When hurricanes occur, the storm is just the beginning and habitants are faced with several waves of destruction. This includes reconstruction, financial, health, and emotional concerns that peak at various stages. You can read about the “The Five Stages of Destruction” HERE.

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

While the damage of hurricanes is well known, the fallout from flooding is a more common pain-point in communities. Sadly, though the discussion on short- and long-term health effects seems to be scarce.  Flooding occurs when prolonged rain fall exceeds the capacity of what the ground and drainage can handle.  It does not take much for a city to flood. One example that I experienced was the catastrophic flooding in Atlanta in 2009. During this event, approximately 20 inches of rainfall occurred in a 24-hour period. Over 3 days, flooding at its peak happened at the Sweetwater Creek near Austell, Georgia. The water levels were 20 feet above flood lines. The 3- day storm caused $500 M in damage3.

The environmental risk of this type of flooding is the same as a hurricane when it comes to microbial contamination. Contaminated water spreads bacteria. The combination of flood waters and organic and inorganic materials leads to mold overgrowth. Remediation in these events becomes critical; however, local help is limited, leaving homeowners in the unenviable, difficult position of deciding how to fix the situation. In many cases, proper remediation does not occur leaving mold health risks.  Water damage in homes is a singular problem that impacts all homes.  More specifically, all homes that use gypsum and paper drywall and particle boards.  These materials are conducive to specific fungi that create mycotoxins that threaten our health.  When this occurs, if it is not dried within  48 hours, it all must be replaced.  To be honest, I have no idea how people living in cities like New Orleans or Houston were able to return their lives back to normal.

Forest Fires

Forest fires have been common for many years in the drier western United States. They seem to be ongoing challenges in states like California, where drought conditions have been common over the past 2 decades. Forest fire smoke and haze contains particulatematter. These particulates contain a mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in the air. Acids, organic chemicals, metals, soil and dust particles, and fragments of pollen or mold spores are all abundantly present. Because the particle size can be as small as 2.5 microns, they can penetrate deeply into sinus and lung tissues to cause illness, and, in the worst situations, may even get into the blood circulation.

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

Long-term exposure to pollutants increases the risk of chronic sinusitis, respiratory disease (asthma), and heart and lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It can also accelerate the process of the narrowing and hardening of the arteries known as atherosclerosis, the main cause of heart attacks and strokes.4. Finally, you cannot ignore mold illness due to water-damaged homes that are often soaked while being defended by firefighters Hazards of Volcanic Ash.  A multitude of dangerous particulates and gases, such as aerosols, are carried in volcanic ash. Some of these

Include Carbon dioxide, Sulfates (sulfur dioxide), Hydrochloric acid, and Hydrofluoric acid.  Volcanic ash contaminates the biosphere through inhalation by humans and animals, and can affect crops growing in an area with large amounts of ash. Volcanic ash can also contaminate the water supply.

2018: Hawaii Volcano Eruptions Releases Harmful Gases

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

When inhaled, ash is deposited in air passages and sinus and lung cells.  Respiratory disease and eye damage are common. Inhalation can also lead to Silicosis. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. Minerals that are associated with silicosis include quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite, all potentially present in volcanic ash. This year Hawaii was hit by both a Volcano eruption and a hurricane. Episodic sickness has recently been observed in residents and tourists in Hawaii who got too close to the volcanic activity during hikes or helicopter tours.5.

Blizzards and Other Cold Weather Storms

Blizzards aren’t just heavy snow storms. They are classified by large amounts of snow, winds (35 mph or higher) and visibility of less than 1/4 mile. These conditions must also be present for three hours or more, but they can go on for weeks. Blizzards don’t just pose a danger to the health of people, they also threaten the environment, including the health of local plants and animals.

Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, chemical sensitivity

Blizzard of January 2018

Blizzards have the potential to cause significant damage to entire forests, which then release carbon during decay. The excess carbon causes an imbalance in the local ecosystem, which impacts other plants and wildlife. When other plants and flora are killed during a blizzard, their lack of availability also impacts the food supply for local animals and wildlife. They also cause water damage due to freezing and breakage of water pipes. When pipes break, the same risks of flooding and mold and fungal damage are present. Because of the magnitude of snow, the weather cycle is disrupted, resulting in heavy accumulation of water vapor in the atmosphere. That can lead to greater rainfall throughout the rest of the year, including heavy storms. Those storms can then raise water levels and impact plant and animal populations.6.

Things to Consider:

All of these Natural Disasters have been experienced by readers or likely someone they know; Medical training for environmental illness is inadequate given that the majority of physicians in the US were trained prior to this overabundance of disasters across the US. The impact on an individual’s emotional state cannot be ignored, and diseases like depression, anxiety, PTSD, and other psychological ailments are very real.The rise in psychological trauma post-impact from disasters like Hurricane Katrina and others are now being researched. (You can read about “The Debilitating Path of Mold Illness” HERE). The burden of seeking physician help still  falls on the victims.  Proactively seeking physicians who treat environmental illness can be difficult.

What You Can Do to Be Prepared:

  • Safety gear like N95 Masks should be maintained along with other emergency requirements often suggested by local officials prior to these events. Stores often run out prior to predicted disasters. 
  • Masks and gloves for everyone in the household can be invaluable.
  • A HEPA Air Purifier or Air Scrubber can filter all the air in your home air quickly so it is safe to breathe. These tools can mitigate the risk of exacerbating chronic illnesses.
  • Maintaining your living space will mitigate the risk of breathing contaminated air in your home.
  • I have my favorite natural, non-toxic, botanical based products that can help you maintain your living space regarding mold and fungus. 
    • BioBalance fogging solutions provide a home scaled effort to reduce mold and other microbes. They produce a hot fog which can fill the home volume of air and penetrate cracks and crevices as well as flow through your HVAC system.  
    • Citrisafe Remedy line Mold Solution Spray and Concentrate, Remedy Laundry Liquid, Remedy Candles, and 
    • Agrumax Dietary Supplement to be used with a nasal rinse system can rince away mold spores and toxins during this process.   
    • Immunolytics  provides petri dish tests with lab results to confirm mold and fungi genus that are impacting the home.  This is the least complex means of laboratory testing that can easily utilized by consumers. 
Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, mold spray, mold solution
Environmental Hazards, Mold in Homes, Sick Houses, mold spray, mold solution
mold test kits, home inspection DIY, sick houses
 
About the Author:

Cesar Collado is a former pharmaceutical R&D executive, venture capitalist, and seasoned strategy consultant in biotechnology and technology industries in general. He currently works as an advisor to multiple technology start-ups in multiple industries and advises several companies that provide healthcare and other services for environmental illness. Read More…

 

1. Kimberly S. Gehle, MD, MPH et. al. “Integrating Environmental Health into Medical Education”, Am Journal of Preventive Med 2011;41(4S3): S296 –S301

2. Knap, Anthony, “Environmental exposures due to natural disasters”, Reviews on Environmental Health, 2016-03-16

3. Atlanta Floods 5th Anniversary, September 15-22, 2009, National Weather Service, September 2014

4. Raymond, Vanessa, “How Smoke from Forest Fires Affects Your Health”, July 31, 2018, Rightasrain.uwmedicine.org.

5. Williams, Gretchen, “Volcanic Ash: More Than Just A Science Project.” https://serc.carleton.edu

6. Magher, Maria, “Do Blizzards affect the environment?”, https://education.seattlepi.com/

© 2020, Cesar Collado, All Rights Reserved